Pandunia is a worldlang created by Risto Kupsala. It derives its vocabulary from many languages around the world. Pandunia's grammar is isolating and concise.
History[]
Pandunia first began in 2005. The grammar has altered from analytic to agglutinative and back to analytic and isolating. Pandunia "2.0", an isolating language, was finalised in September 2021.
Phonology[]
Pandunia has 19 consonants and five vowels.
Consonants[]
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal |
m |
n (ŋ) |
||||||
Plosive |
p b |
t d |
k g | |||||
Affricate |
tʃ dʒ |
|||||||
Fricative | f | s z(dz) |
ʃ |
h (x) | ||||
Approximant | j | w (v) | ||||||
Lateral approximant |
l |
|||||||
Trill | r (ɹ) |
Vowels[]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a |
Orthography[]
Pandunia uses 23 letters of the Latin alphabet except q, w, and x, plus two digraphs.
Letter | a | b | ch | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | sh | t | u | v | y | z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | a | b | t͡ʃ | d | e | f | g | h~x | i | d͡ʒ | kʰ | l | m | n | o | pʰ | r~ɹ | s | ʃ | tʰ | u | w~v | j | z~d͡z |
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns[]
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st person | mi | mimon |
2nd person | tu | tumon |
3rd person | ye | yemon |
Demonstrative Pronouns[]
- ni - this, e.g. 'this cat is eating= ni mau zai yam'
- go - that e.g. 'that dog is small = go vaf si lili'
- la - the, e.g. the big mouse = la dai mushu
Interrogative Pronouns[]
- ke? - what?
- ke she? - which one?, e.g. which dog = ke vaf?
- ke jen? – Who? (Which person?)
- ke zaman? – When? (What time?)
- ke yang? – How? (What way?)
- ke sabu? – Why? (What reason?)
Also adjectives are questioned with ke.
- ke nove? – How new?
- ke koste? – How costly? (i.e. how much (money)?)
- ke poli? – How many?
- ke dai? – How big? eg. tu ten ke dai di mau? – How big a cat do you have?
- ke lili? – How small?
Verbs[]
Verbs are not conjugated or inflected in Pandunia. Tense is expressed using verbal auxiliaries, which are placed before the verb. However they are not necessary if tense is already clear from context.
- zai - currently (similar to English gerund) e.g. mi zai yam = I am eating
- sha - future (similar to English 'will') e.g. mi sha yam - I will eat
- le - perfective (similar to English perfect) e.g. mi le yam - I have eaten
- pas - past e.g. mi pas yam - I ate
A total of 10 auxiliaries of time are listed on the website.
Numbers[]
0 | siro | 10 | des | 20 | du des |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | un | 11 | des un | 30 | tri des |
2 | du | 12 | des du | 40 | nelu des |
3 | tri | 13 | des tri | 50 | lima des |
4 | nelu | 14 | des nelu | 60 | luka des |
5 | lima | 15 | des lima | 70 | cheti des |
6 | luka | 16 | des luka | 80 | bati des |
7 | cheti | 17 | des cheti | 90 | tisa des |
8 | bati | 18 | des bati | ||
9 | tisa | 19 | des tisa |
100 | sento |
---|---|
200 | du sento |
1,000 | kilo |
2,000 | du kilo |
10,000 | des kilo |
100,000 | sento kilo |
1,000,000 | mega |
1,000,000,000 | giga |
10^12 | tera |
10^15 | peta |
10^18 | eksa |
10^21 | zeta |
10^24 | yota |
Phrases[]
Pandunia | English |
---|---|
salam | hello |
salam chuti | goodbye |
shukur | thank you |
no yau shukur | you're welcome
(lit. no need to thank) |
salam lai | welcome |
ya | yes |
no | no |