Recent changes Random page

Hobbies
 
Bionicle Wiki
Vintage Patterns
Genealogy Wiki
 Hot Wheels Wiki
Lego Wiki
Yo-yo Wiki
See more...

Dousha

From International Auxiliary Languages

Jump to: navigation, search

Since 2002, Dousha is a constructed language with the target of providing an alternative to the esperanto.

It is an agglutinative language, developed from the Japanese grammar and with an assorted group of vocabulary sources. It is proposed for several uses, including to be used as an auxiliary language.

Contents

[edit] History

Illustration of Dousha & Agnus tales. The girl gave her name to the language.
Illustration of Dousha & Agnus tales. The girl gave her name to the language.

"Ja va Meoui, je ga oje meoroi." (Voz da Verdade)

"Leenite, lu ga ikut. Oyite, lu ga kite. Silenith va vithi." (Akiane Kramarik)

This language is being developed since 2002 by Almir Jr., also known as Digi-Alchemist. The origin of the Dousha name is a female character created by the language developer.

[edit] Formation

[edit] Vocabulary Formation

Several languages contribute with words. The most language sources are Japanese, Portuguese, English, Spanish, French, Hebrew, Hungary, German, Chinese, Albanese and so on.

[edit] Grammar Formation

The grammar structure is essentially Japanese. It also has some parts came from the Hungary language.

[edit] Writing and Phonology

Dousha is phonologically between the Japanese and the most of western languages. It is written using the standard latin alphabet, with no graphic accents nor diacritical, and it also does not make use of the q, w and x letters. These ones are used only within non-Dousha words.

[edit] Vowels

There is five: a, e, i and o with the same sound like as Spanish, and the u, that also can sounds as in Spanish or as in French. The French sound of the u occours within verb suffixes.

[edit] Semivowels

There is four: ya, ye, yo and yu that sounds as in Japanese.

[edit] Consonants

The consonants b, d, f, k, m, n, p, v and z sound like as in English. All other letters sound as follows:

  • c sound like t in feature and picture.
  • dj sound like j in jet ski and Jetsons.
  • g sound ALWAYS like in get, NEVER like in George.
  • h sound like in house.
  • j sound like in Job and like the last s in disclosure.
  • l sound like in laptop.
  • r sound ALWAYS like in around, NEVER like in run.
  • s sound ALWAYS soft, like in save, NEVER like in case.
  • sh sound like in Shibuya, a Japanese neighborhood in Tokyo city.
  • t sound like in tick and take.

Note: the letter v has the same sound in victory, unless in the va particle: this one will sound always like Japanese /wa/ in the japanese name Miyazawa.

[edit] Syllables

There is three type of Dousha syllables:

  • a consonant syllable (also called as deaf syllable) can be formed with an alone consonant like as r in mir /MI.r/ "peace".
  • a resonant syllable can be formed by a single consonant followed by a single vowel or semivowel like as re in eirene /e.i.RE.ne/ "peace, quietness". It also can be formed with an alone vowel or semivowel like as u in uma /U.ma/ "horse".
  • a nasal syllable is a consonnant syllable made up with the m or n letters.

[edit] Doubled Consonants

A doubled consonant puts a pause between the prior and current syllables. See it:

  • appon /a-.PO.n/ "harpoon"
  • tiffa /TI-.fa/ "faith, hope"
  • taggu /TA-.gu/ "target"

Exceptions: the doubled form for the letter h is ch and the doubled form for the sh is ssh. See it:

  • chorus /-.HO.ru.s/ "chorus"
  • esshara /e-.SHA.ra/ "each pleasure" (*)

(*)In esshara "each pleasure", the e'- prefix means "each", and requires a pause introduced by the duplication of the beginning consonant.

The pause can be represented in the voice spelling scheme with a "dash-dot" (-.) before the affected syllable.

[edit] Word Stress

For verbs and adjectives, the stress relies always over the last. You should follow the rules below for all other words.

  1. If there no consonantal (deaf) syllables among the last two ones, as like as asterodo /a.s.te.RO.do/ "asteroid", the tonic syllable is the one before the last.
  2. If at least one of the two last syllables is a deaf one, BUT the antepenultimate is NOT deaf, as like as moderonor /mo.de.RO.no.r/ "moderator", or siralc /si.RA.l.c/ "whiteness", or Amazonas /a.ma.ZO.na.s/ "river; Brazilian state", the stress falls in the antepenultimate one (as the syllable /.ZO./ in the /a.ma.ZO.na.s/ word).
  3. If one of the two last syllables AND the antepenultimate are deaf ones, as like as fakuldas /fa.KU.l.da.s/ "university", the stress falls in the first syllable that come before the antepenultimate (as the /.KU./ syllable on the /fa.KU.l.da.s/ word).

Important: the deaf syllables CANNOT have stress!

[edit] Stress for Compund Nouns

For this case, you shall treat a compound word as like as a simple word. So we have byuzuagero /byu.zu.a.GE.ro/ "agriculture related business", that is compound of byuzu /BYU.zu/ "business" more agero /a.GE.ro/ "agriculture".

[edit] Grammar

Dousha presents a relatively simple grammar besides the great natural languages, as well as it's more regular than most languages. At the begin, it can seems a little more complex then Esperanto, but also is easy for learning.

Dousha is basically a SOV (Subject-Object-Verb) language. It means all verbs at the end. In Dousha, like English, adjectives come before the nouns. The same happens with the adverbs. A participle verb is an adjective that eventually carries onjects and can substitue an entire setence.

[edit] Gender

There is no gramatical gender nor gender flexion in Dousha. This includes pronouns, adjectives and so on.

[edit] Is There Plural?

No. There is no plural forms or number flexion. The phrase neko orela can have the meaning of "ear of cat", "ears of cat", "ear of cats" etc. However, pronouns have their singular and plural forms. There is also an optional ~im suffix for using with nouns. And another, the ~za suffix for collective nouns (like monoza /mo.NO.za/ "a crowd of people", derivd from mono /MO.no/ "person".

[edit] Verbs

The Dousha verbs distinguish between tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative, subjuntive and imperative) and voice (active, passive). They have also six participle forms, and six infinitive forms. There is no person indication in verbs.

The conjugation table below is valid for all verbs, except for the sut verb and its derivates. Here was used the verb kut "to come":


Indicative Mood
Voice Present Past Future Conditional
Active kite kita kire kira
Passive kidje kidja kinye kinya
Subjuntive Mood
Voice Present Past Future
Active kute kuta kure
Passive kudje kudja kunye
Imperative
Voice Affirmative Negative
Active kota ne kota
Passive kodja ne kodja


For the verb sut "to do" and his derivates, a little phonetici variation is necessary: it is made by replacing the s consonant by the sh dygraph where a verbal suffix begins with i. This occours with the Infinitive Mood and also with the Participle Future:


Indicative
Voice Present Past Future Conditional
Active shite shita shire shira
Passive shidje shidja shinye shinya
Subjuntive
Voice Present Past Future
Active sute suta sure
Passive sudje sudja sunye
Imperative
Voice Affirmative Negative
Active sota ne sota
Passive sodja ne sodja


[edit] Participle and Infinitive Forms

These are verb nominal forms it can assumed by the verbs. These verbal forms can replace whole setences (phrases).

The table below is valid for all verbs. Note that all sut verbs change their s by sh in the future participles. This table uses the verb ikut "to go":


Participle
Voice Present Past Future
Active ikeki ikaki ikiki
Passive ikeri ikari ikiri
Infinitive
Voice Present Past Future
Active keut keutet keutot
Passive keuti keeti keoti

This other table conjugates the verb sut "to do".

Participle
Voice Present Past Future
Active seki saki shiki
Passive seri sari shiri
Infinitive
Voice Present Past Future
Active sut sutet sutot
Passive suti seti soti

[edit] The Polite Imperative

There is a more polite form to the imperative. For ~ut verbs, it is done by removing the ending ~ut and adding ~ushou. For instance:

  • mut -> mushou
  • taberut -> taberushou

For ~sut verbs: remove the ~sut ending and add the ~sshou:

  • aisut -> aisshou
  • shebosut -> shebosshou

The polite imperative form for the verb sut is usshou.

By the truth, the polite imperative form was inspirated from the Japanese culture. Japanese people avoid the direct imperative "Drink Coke" and use in his place the expression Koka Kora o nomimashou (something like "We will to drink Coke". In Japanese language, the verb "drink" is nomu, having the polite form nomimas. In the phrase above, nomimashou.

The polite imperative is the form more appropriate to speak with: authorities, your boss, and also is suitable for people you don't know.

[edit] Negative Forms of Verbs

In order to obtain the negative form of verb, add the ne particle before the verb. Or the particle could be understood as the postpositioned particle ne, used at the end of phrases, after the verb or adjective. See:

  • Akiane va taumoyoko, ne?
Akiane is a prodigious girl, no?
  • Comentário Geral o lasi shabato ni ne terebumita.
I'd not look the "Comentário Geral" TV program last saturday.

The first setence is clearful (even more for Japanese speakers): ne is a particle that suggests the speaker waits for a "yes" as answer. It's like the Latin word nonne in Nonne ursus animal implume bipes?. On the other hand, the second one shows an use of the verb negative form.

[edit] Adjectives

Adjectives are words that qualify all beings: people, animals, things and so on. Dousha adjectives ends with vowel i. The adjective stem is obtained by removing the suffix:

Adjetivo Raiz Termina em
aei
puukoi
ayashi
amai
poli
keni 		ae~
puuko~
ayash~
ama~
pol~
ken~ 		vogal
vogal
consoante
vogal
consoante
consoante N


[edit] Conjugations

Dousha adjectives can be conjugated by tense and mood.

All adjectives ending with vowel + i like aei "beloved", gumi "good". See the table below for sample conjugation of the adjective amai "supreme":


Indicative
Present Past Future Conditional
amai amakatta amakete amakya
Subjuntive
Present Past Future
amanke amanka amankya
Imperative
amabe


In other hand, the adjectives ending with consonant + i like ayashi "stranger" andf gumi "good". The table below shows the conjugation of ayashi:


Indicative
Present Past Future Conditional
ayashi ayashikatta ayashikete ayashikya
Subjuntive
Present Past Future
ayashunke ayashunka ayashunkya
Imperative
ayashobe

[edit] Adjectives and Their Negative Forms

Negation forms of adjectives are made by replacing the adjective suffix ~i with ~nei or ~inei. If the adjective ends with vowel + i or ni, the suffix ~nei is used, for example: azai "fresh; new" and keni "possible" -- their negation forms are respectively azanei and kennei. In other hand, adjectives ending by consonant + i (except by ni) receive the ~inei suffix, for example: ayashi "stranger", negation form ayashinei "not stranger".

[edit] Comparative and Superlative

Dousha adjectives also have their comparative and superlative forms.


Comparative
Less Than Equality Greater Than
aimegi
odemegi
ayashegi
polegi
izumegi 		aiyasi
odeyasi
ayashyasi
polyasi
izumyasi 		aikoi
odekoi
ayashikoi
polikoi
izumikoi


The comparative adjective stands for a comparison made between two beings, and it is used in the place of the verb. The first object must relies on the nominative (marked by ga), and the second object, on the accusative, being marked by o:

  • Anne ga Mary o puukomegi
    Anne is more beauty than Mary.

On the inferiority comparative, a link consonant m should be placed between the adjective root and its suffix if it begins with vowel. Likewise, a link vowel i should be added between the adjective root and a suffix when the adjective ends with consonant.

Superlative
Inferiority Superiority
aikomai
odekomai
ayashikomai
polikomai
izumikomai 		aimai
odemai
ayashimai
polimai
izummai


The superlative adjective tells us a comparison, for example, between a person and all the people of its community:

  • Thamires ga truonuf sumatomai yokoi.
    Thamires is the wisest girl of her school.

There are differences among the superlative forms on the table above. For all adjectives ending with consonant + i, a link vowel i should be placed between the root and the suffix.

[edit] Numbers

A girl counting 1 throug 10 on Dousha said: hu, do, sa, ho, go, so, ste, ei, ku, ju. Sometimes, do (2) becomes ni by euphony. Hu also becames u in certain combinations. All these occours regularly starting from 11 (juu "eleven", literally 10 + 1 "ten one"). The 0 (zero) is zo, and can be nul also, according with the context.

[edit] Cardinal

Let us see the small numbers:

  • 11 - juu (ju + hu) "eleven"
  • 12 - juni (ju + ni) "twelve"
  • 13 - jusa (ju + sa) "thirteen"
  • 14 - juho (ju + ho) "forteen"
  • 15 - jugo (ju + go) "fifteen"
  • 16 - juso (ju + so) "sixteen"
  • 17 - juste (ju + ste) "seventeen"
  • 18 - juei (ju + ei) "eighteen"
  • 19 - juku (ju + ku) "nineteen"
  • 20 - doju (do x ju) "twenty"

Some samples until 100:

  • 21 - dojuu (do x ju + hu) "twenty-one"
  • 30 - saju (sa x ju) "thirty"
  • 31 - sajuu (sa x ju + hu) "thirty-one"
  • 40 - hoju (ho x ju) "forty"
  • 41 - hojuu (ho x ju + hu) "forty-one"
  • 50 - goju (go x ju) "fifty"
  • 51 - gojuu (go x ju + hu) "fifty-one"
  • 60 - soju (so x ju) "sixty"
  • 61 - sojuu (so x ju + hu) "sixty-one"
  • 70 - steju (ste x ju) "seventy"
  • 71 - stejuu (ste x ju + hu) "seventy-one"
  • 80 - eiju (ei x ju) "eighty"
  • 81 - eijuu (ei x ju + hu) "eighty-one"
  • 90 - kuju (ku x ju) "ninety"
  • 91 - kujuu (ku x ju + hu) "ninety-one"
  • 100 - han "hundred"

[edit] Ordinal

The corresponding for 1st is rishon (spell ri-SHO-n) "first", as well iciban (spell i-tchi-BA-n). For all numbers starting from 2nd you should add the ~ban suffix at the related cardinal:

  • 2nd - niban "second"
  • 3rd - saban "third"
  • 4th - hoban "forth"
  • 5th - goban "fifth"
  • 6th - soban "sixth"
  • 7th - steban "seventh"
  • 8th - eiban "eigth"
  • 9th - kuban "nineth"
  • 10th - dojuban
  • 20th - sajuban
  • 30th - dojuban
  • 40th - sajuban
  • 50th - gojuban
  • 60th - sojuban
  • 70th - stejuban
  • 80th - eijuban
  • 90th - kujuban
  • 100th - hanban
  • 1000th - milban
  • 10000th - jumilban

[edit] Multiplicative

They are made up from the cardinal numbers by adding the ~unne (for numbers ending with consonant) or ~nne (for numbers ending with vowel) suffixes:

  • the number 2 do "two" gives donne "double"
  • the number 2 sa "three" gives sanne "triple"
  • the number 2 ju "ten" gives junne "mult by ten times"
  • the number 2 doju "twenty" gives dojunne "mult by twenty times"
  • the number 2 han "hundred" gives hanunne "mult by hundred times"

The only exception: the multiplicative form for the number one is icinne.

[edit] Cases

Dousha has nine cases: nominative (Subjetukezu), accusative (Okkezu), ablative (Karakezu), dative (Dekkezu), static locative (Nikkezu), dynamic locative (Ekkezu), vocative (Koekezu), genitive (Nokezu) and personal genitive (Itonkezu).

[edit] Nominative

It is the case of subject and it is marked by the particle ga and sometimes by va. Observe:

  • Bef ga puukoi.
My house is beatiful.
  • Basauf va beth e oje kita.
My aunt came today to my house.

[edit] Accusative

The case of direct object, which is marked by the particle o and sometimes va:

  • Jobuaf o konkuerunrut.
I want get my job.

[edit] Dative

The case of the indirect object. It is marked by the particle de:

  • Kahof de neoi pneu o asheita.
I buyed new tires for my car.

[edit] Ablative

The case where the verb action performer relies. The ablative case marks the agent of the passive form of the verb, and it is marked by the kara particle, it can be abbreviated for kar:

  • Samof kara jobut.
I work for my parents. [in order to sustain them]

[edit] Static Locative

The case where usually is the referenced place in a setence, under the static perspective. It can also mark a point in the context's timeline. This marks the place where the action of the verb occours. This case is marked by the particle ni:

  • Bustou ni noderf ga jobut.
My girlfriend works at the bus stop.

[edit] Dynamic Locative

The case of a place, but under the dynamic perspective (e.g., during a displacement). It is marked by the particle e:

  • Budapest e konnene ikire.
I will go to Budapest this year.

[edit] Vocative

The case of calling, invocation or crying out, marked by a comma:

  • Matilda, kaayuf o peota.
Matilda, call your mother.

[edit] Genitive

The case of possession, which is marked by the no postposition.

  • Jobua Minster no saito va www.mte.gov.br i.
The site of the brazilian Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego is www.mte.gov.br.

Sometimes the postposition is ommited:

  • San Petr bazilka va mannifai epul das.
The St. Peter's Basilica is really a magnificent building.

[edit] Personal Genitive

Personal Genitive is the possession case closely linked to the owner (usually a person), being more specific when marking the possession of a thing or object, and much more. This case is marked by specific suffixes, one for each combination of person and plural (I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they), following this table:


Number Suffixes Person
Single -f my, mine
-yuf your, yours
-uf his, her, its
Plural -zuf, -uzuf our (inclusive)
-suf, -usuf our (exclusive)
-yof your, yours
-of their


In the table above you can see some lines with two suffixes instead of one. For these cases, the first suffix is used with words ending by vowel and the other is used with words ending by consonant.

  • Kaaf o aishite.
I love my mother.
  • Tereboyuf va neoi?
Is new your TV appareil?
  • Foruzuf moderonor va kore.
This is the moderator of our forum.
  • Bicuzuf va are.
That's our beach.

Veja este último exemplo abaixo. Preste atenção na semelhança entre a primeira e a terceira pessoas do singular, para palavras terminadas na vogal u:

  • Sapatuf va suchpinda.
O meu sapato foi roubado.
  • Sapatuuf va suchpinda.
O sapato de ele foi roubado.

As formas semi-clíticas possessivas não alteram a tonicidade das palavras, a não ser quando na forma de adjetivos (acrescidos de i).

[edit] Syntax: Sentences

The main part of a sentence or nominal group is usually the last item on Dousha. It's called main-final rule. Hence the verb is at the end of a sentence, the subject and object main words is the last word of a nominal group etc, and the modifiers are before their affected nouns and so on. See the following sentences:

  • Dousha va misnatuli goi
Dousha is a constructed language
  • Hong-Kong yoko ga sinzai pasta o loadeshita, missukirel kashepou o dreshita.
The girl of Hong Kong carried a gray vallet and she dressed a squirrel-imitation robe.


Another interesting fact is that sentences do not need contain verbs. Un adjective -- or ever an adjectivated noun -- may work as predicate. The adjectives have two functions in a single word: the predicative and the auxiliar verb "to be", what do not exist in Dousha.

[edit] Noun Phrases

A formation scheme of a noun phrase in Dousha.
A formation scheme of a noun phrase in Dousha.

Dousha noun phrases work like in English, but more consistently.

For understand a Dousha noun phrase, know something is necessary:

  1. The first-level noun phrases (level 0) on Dousha are formed by a couple of words: the modifier and the nucleum. It's a simple binary structure.
  2. All other levels of noun phrases are formed recursively by adding a new modifier at the begin of an existing noun phrase. Thus, a Dousha noun phrase becomes itself a nucleum of next level. The same do not occurs to the modifier. There is a rule: a Dousha noun phrase never is used as modifier.
  3. In a noun phrase, the modifier comes before the nucleum, no matter the complexity of this last.

[edit] Samples

  • Garam Seiru (UNO -- "United Nations Organization" )
  • Fesugas Ami Burou ( "Federal Bureau of Investigation" or FBI)
  • Amerikua Garukenosaga ( "United States of America" )
  • Euro Magaaru ( "European Union" )
  • baryo sulfatu ( "barium sulfate" )

From above samples, Fesugas Ami Burou deserves more attention. It's a second-level noun phrase (Level 1). In the first level (0), Ami Burou is a noun phrase where Ami modifies Burou, the nucleum. At the second level (1), Ami Burou is a nucleum modified by Fesugas, forming Fesugas Ami Burou.

Truly, the Dousha noun phrase system was made to be predictable and regular such as math expressions of type a + (b + c) etc., although this may be altered slowly, day by day, for some uses, while Dousha is much more learned and known.

[edit] Compound Period

Dousha has simple and compound periods. The difference from the English is on the fact of use of participle and infinitive verbs, much more in subordinates. Nearly all times, a subordinated sentence is formed by a participle verb, what means it becomes a noun phrase, since the verb participle is and acts like an adjective.

[edit] Coordinated Periods

Sample:

  • Elyon ga Sedric kar lassari, auroleshita.

Elyon was left behind by Sedric. And the day becomes night.

→ Period #1: Elyon ga Sedric kar lassari
→ Period #2: auroleshita
  • Ao beth o tungut, jona batelith mo.

I painted my house of blue and my boat with yellow.

→ Period #1: Ao beth o tungut
→ Period #2: jona batelith mo

The first does not have indicative word, while the second have it (notice the postposition mo "also").

[edit] Subordinate Periods

Sample:

  • Fiuth araraki nin o ekedire.

I'll call the man that plow my field.

→ Subordinate: Fiuth araraki
→ Main: nin o ekedire
  • Komputoth heparaki tekiniku va Jacarepaguá ni abitut.

The computing expert that repaired my computer lives at Jacarepaguá.

→ Subordinate: Komputoth heparaki
→ Main: tekiniku va Jacarepaguá ni abitut

[edit] Daily Vocabulary

Some words and its possible meanings;

Legend: Dousha Word IPA - English Meaning

[edit] Greetings

  • Gumaruna [gu.ma.'ru.na] - Good Morning!
  • Gussera [guː.'se.ra] - Good Afternoom!
  • Guyoru [gu.'jo.ru] - Good Evening!
  • Gusserayou [guː.se.ra.'jo.u] - Good Night! (Like "Good Evening" to be used between 12 p.m. and 5 a.m.)
  • Gutta ['guː.ta] - Hello!
  • Cyau ['tʃa.u] - Bye!

[edit] Kindness & Courtesy

  • Benyale [be.'nja.le] - Excuse (e.g., as to go the room while have visitors at your home). From the noun benya "license, authorisation".
  • Guradeshite! [gu.ra.de.ʃi.'te] - Thank you
  • Sohe! ['so.ʁe] - Excuse-me!

[edit] Time and Hour

[edit] Day, Time...

  • byoo ['bjo.o] - second
  • bun ['bu.n] - minute
  • taya ['ta.ja] - time, hour
  • yom ['jo.m] - day
  • getu ['ge.tu] or ketu ['ke.tu] - month
  • niomon [ni.o.'mo.n] - Two months
  • saomon [sa.o.'mo.n] - Three months
  • soomon [so.o.'mo.n] - Six months
  • nen ['ne.n] - year

[edit] Days of Week

  • shuu ['ʃu.u] - week
  • shuuyom [ʃu.u.'jo.m] - day of week
  • yuuna [ju.'u.na] - Monday
  • maruna [ma.'ru.na] - Tuesday
  • miekonna [mi.e.ko.'n.na] - Wednesday
  • jedina [ʒe.'di.na] - Thursday
  • furina [fu.'ri.na] - Friday
  • shabato [ʃa.'ba.to] - Saturday
  • daina [da.'i.na] - Sunday

[edit] Family

  • Sam ['sa.m] - Father
  • Kaa ['ka.a] - Mother
  • Ben ['be.n] - Son
  • Ko ['ko] - Daughter
  • Kyouda [kjo.'u.da] - brother, sister
  • Otou [o.'to.u] - the newer brother
  • Imou [i.'mo.u] - the newer sister
  • Anie [a.'ni.e] - the older brother
  • Anee [a.'ne.e] - the older sister
  • Jisau [ʒi.'sa.u] - uncle
  • Basau [ba.'sa.u] - aunt
  • Jicau [ʒi.'tʃa.u] - grandfather
  • Bacau [ba.'tʃa.u] - grandmother

[edit] Colors

  • ██ Ao ['a.o] - Blue
  • ██ Aka ['a.ka] - Red
  • ██ Midou [mi.'do.u] - Green
  • ██ Jona ['ʒo.na] - Yellow
  • ██ Bae ['ba.e] or Vae ['va.e] - White
  • ██ Sinza ['si.n.za] - Grey
  • ██ Nero ['ne.ro] - Black

[edit] Interests & Activities

[edit] Art & Painting

  • bosuhut [bo.su.'hu] - to outline
  • buttingu [buː.'ti.n.gu] - gouache paint
  • kanvas ['ka.n.va.s] - canvas, painting screen
  • mistungut [mi.s.tu.n.'gu] - to fade
  • pastel ['pa.s.te.l] - pastry (tones, paintings)
  • suetingu [su.e.'ti.n.gu] - watercolor
  • tingu ['ti.n.gu] - paint
  • tungut [tu.n.'gu] - to dye, to paint, to color

[edit] Informatics

  • gabinetu [ga.bi.'ne.tu] - Cabinet
  • hakkere [haː.'ke.re] - Hacker
  • keiboru [ke.i.'bo.ru] - Keyboard
  • mura ['mu.ra] - Mouse
  • netsu ['ne.tsu] - Web
  • nobreku [no.b.'re.ku] - No-Break
  • sepeuu [se.pe.'u.u] - Processor
  • tabilzudippo [ta.bi.l.zu.'diː.po] - Stabilizer
  • ueba [u.'e.ba] - the Internet
  • viza ['vi.za] - the video Monitor

[edit] Sample Text

[edit] References

[edit] External Links

Retrieved from "http://ial.wikia.com/wiki/Dousha"

Rate this article:

Share this article:
.